Effect of Insulin Resistance on Abdominal Obesity, Liver Fat Infiltration, and Body Mass Index in Youngsters.

AIM: Evaluate insulin resistance (IR) as a mediator of the effect of body fat distribution on liver fat infiltration and stiffness (LSt) in young adults using structural equation modeling (SEM). METHODS: We invited 500 first year students from two universities and evaluated their family history to determine the risk for cardiometabolic disease. Of these, 174 students (age 19 ± 1 years) were assessed for total body fat percentage (BF%), LSt, fat infiltration (Coefficient attenuated parameter CAP), and serum biochemical analysis. We performed a mediation analysis using two different structural equation models to determine the relationship between BMI, BF%, abdominal obesity (AO), IR, LSt, and fat infiltration using standardized ß coefficients. The symbol "->" means "explains/causes". RESULTS: Model#1 supported that mediation analysis and had a better fit than the direct effect. AO->IR (b = 0.62, p = 0.005), AO->CAP (b = 0.63, p <0.001), and CAP->IR (b = 0.23, p = 0.007), with negligible effect of BMI on CAP and IR. Model#2 showed direct effect of BMI on LSt was a better fit than mediation. BMI->LSt (b = 0.17, p = 0.05) but no effect AO->LSt. Interestingly, LSt->IR (b = 0.18, p = 0.001), but bi-directional IR->LSt (b = 0.23, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: AO and BMI in young adults have differential phenotypic effects on liver CAP and LSt. Visceral fat had a direct effect on IR and CAP. Meanwhile, BMI was associated with LSt. Our findings shed light on the complex interplay of factors influencing liver stiffness, particularly in young individuals. Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying these associations and their implications for liver health.

Vaccination in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

In this review, we described the history of vaccination, the different types of vaccines, and how vaccination coverage has been affected by the current COVID-19 pandemic. The effectiveness of the vaccines under metabolic host conditions is analyzed, especially when people have lost their immunocompetence, such as in patients with chronic kidney disease who are in dialysis treatment. Vaccines are produced in a variety of industrial methods, modifying costs. The novel field of vaccinomics includes the set of immune responses, the satisfactory levels of neutralizing antibodies, the production of metabolites, and the induction of protein expression. Finally, an analysis is made of the confusing messages regarding vaccination that are disseminated on social networks, and general recommendations are given.

En esta revisión se describen el historial de vacunación, los diferentes tipos de vacunas y cómo la cobertura de vacunación se ha visto afectada por la pandemia actual de COVID-19. Se analiza la efectividad de las vacunas en condiciones metabólicas del huésped, especialmente cuando las personas han perdido su inmunocompetencia, como los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica que están en tratamiento de diálisis. Las vacunas se producen con una variedad de métodos industriales, modificando los costos. El nuevo campo de la vacunómica incluye el conjunto de respuestas inmunitarias, los niveles satisfactorios de anticuerpos neutralizantes, la producción de metabolitos y la inducción de la expresión de proteínas. Finalmente, se analizan los confusos mensajes sobre vacunación que se difunden en las redes sociales y se dan recomendaciones generales.

Looking for Crumbs in the Obesity Forest: Anti-obesity Interventions and Obesity-Associated Cardiometabolic Traits in the Mexican Population. History and Systematic Review With Meta-Analyses.

Mexicans and Mexican Americans share culture, genetic background, and predisposition for chronic complications associated with obesity and diabetes making imperative efficacious treatments and prevention. Obesity has been treated for centuries focused-on weight loss while other treatments on associated conditions like gout, diabetes (T2D), and hypertriglyceridemia. To date, there is no systematic review that synthesizes the origin of obesity clinics in Mexico and the efforts to investigate treatments for obesity tested by randomized clinical trials (RCT). We conducted systematic searches in Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science to retrieve anti-obesity RCT through 2019 and without an inferior temporal limit. The systematic review included RCT of anti-obesity treatments in the Mexican adult population, covering alternative medicine, pharmacological, nutritional, behavioral, and surgical interventions reporting metabolism-associated traits such as BMI, weight, waist circumference, triglycerides, glucose, among others. Only the studies with at least 3 months of treatment were included in the meta-analyses in order to reduce placebo effects. We found 634 entries, after removal of duplicates and screening the studies based on eligibility criteria, we analyzed 43 national, and 2 multinational-collaborative studies. Most of the national studies had small sample sizes, and the implemented strategies do not have replications in the population. The nutrition/behavioral interventions were difficult to blind, and most studies have medium-to-high risk of bias. Nutritional/behavioral interventions and medications showed effects on BMI, waist circumference, and blood pressure. Simple measures like pure water instead of sweet beverages decrease triglycerides and systolic blood pressure. Dark chocolate showed the highest effect for BMI and high blood pressure, and treatment with insulin increased weight in those with T2D. The study of obesity in Mexico has been on-going for more than four decades, the interest on RCT just increased until this millennium, but with small sample sizes and lack of replication. The interventions affect different cardiometabolic associated traits, which should be analyzed in detail in the population living near the Mexico-U.S. border; therefore, bi-national collaboration is desirable to disentangle the cultural effects on this population's treatment response. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020221436, identifier: CRD42020221436.

[Consenso experto en tiempos de COVID-19: aplicaciones del método Delphi en materia de salud].

La epidemia de COVID-19 ha modificado la cultura de la comunicación. La solución para los problemas de salud puede ser asertiva cuando es consensuada. El método Delphi es una herramienta de consenso que emplea rondas de listas de preguntas para recopilar información del conocimiento de un panel de expertos que analizan planteamientos y posibles soluciones a problemas. Se basa en la premisa de que, con la libertad del anonimato, la inteligencia combinada mejora el juicio individual y captura la opinión colectiva experta. El proceso del método es muy flexible, pues las rondas de preguntas pueden realizarse de manera presencial o remota. En este artículo se describe cómo implementar el método Delphi convencional en tiempos de confinamiento, y se analizan la utilidad y las limitaciones del método para su uso por expertos en salud para la resolución de problemas de tratamiento, diagnóstico o administrativos. Las tecnologías actuales para recolectar los datos permiten gran flexibilidad en el formato de los cuestionarios y facilitan la recopilación de la opinión experta. Gracias a su adaptabilidad, el método Delphi se está convirtiendo en una estrategia popular que involucra los ámbitos cualitativo y cuantitativo.

Supplement consumption in people who makes exercise in Northern Mexico gyms. / Consumo de suplementos nutricionales en personas que se ejercitan en gimnasios del norte de México.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity and sports have acquired great importance in contemporary society, given that they have created trends to improve performance, strength and muscle mass through the consumption of nutritional supplements. OBJECTIVE: To determine the profile of the consumer and the type of nutritional supplements in people attending the gyms of the northern border of Tamaulipas. METHOD: It was carried out a cross-sectional and descriptive study in a sample of 800 people attending gyms in 4 cities in the border area between the United States and Mexico, in the state of Tamaulipas (Reynosa, Rio Bravo, Nuevo Laredo and Matamoros). A survey was applied to determine the profile of the consumer and the type of supplements they consumed. RESULTS: 81% of people who went to a gym consumed nutritional supplements, and both genders used them, regardless of their body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: The most used supplements were proteins, essential amino acids and nitric oxide. Improving sports performance, beauty or aesthetics, health care and finally compensating losses were the reasons selected to justify the consumption of nutritional supplements.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La actividad física y el deporte han adquirido gran importancia en la sociedad actual, pues han generado tendencias para mejorar el rendimiento, la fuerza y la masa muscular mediante el consumo de suplementos alimenticios. OBJETIVO: Determinar el perfil del consumidor y el tipo de suplementos nutricionales en personas que asisten a gimnasios de la frontera norte de Tamaulipas. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal y descriptivo en una muestra de 800 personas que se ejercitaban en gimnasios en cuatro ciudades (Reynosa, Río Bravo, Nuevo Laredo y Matamoros) de la zona fronteriza entre los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica y México, en el estado de Tamaulipas. Se aplicó una encuesta para determinar el perfil del consumidor y el tipo de suplementos que empleaba. RESULTADOS: El 81% de las personas que acudieron a un gimnasio consumían suplementos nutricionales y ambos sexos los utilizaron, independientemente de su índice de masa corporal. CONCLUSIONES: Los suplementos más utilizados fueron proteínas, aminoácidos esenciales y óxido nítrico. Mejorar el rendimiento deportivo, la belleza física o el aspecto estético, el cuidado de salud y, por último, compensar pérdidas, fueron las razones seleccionadas para justificar el consumo de suplementos nutricionales.

Análisis proximal, de textura y aceptación de las galletas de trigo, sorgo y frijol / Nutritional, texture and sensory profile of cookies from wheat, sorghum and bean

Las galletas son actualmente productos de gran demanda, constituyendo un sector sustancial de la industria alimentaria. Considerando la importancia de la buena alimentación y la oportunidad de incorporar leguminosas a productos de panificación como alternativa saludable logrando un mejor balance proteico, se planteó la propuesta de elaborar galletas a base de harina de trigo, sorgo y frijol. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue elaborar y evaluar galletas de harina de trigo sustituidas al 10%, 30% y 100% de harina de sorgo y frijol. Se diseñaron tres formulaciones para la elaboración de galletas al 10%, 30%, 100% de harina de sorgo y harina de frijol y la muestra control 100% trigo. Se realizó la evaluación proximal y perfil instrumental de textura a cada uno de las formulaciones; así mismo, el análisis sensorial para evaluar los atributos de color, olor, sabor y textura por medio de una escala hedónica de siete puntos. El reemplazo parcial de trigo por sorgo 10% - 30% y frijol al 10% fueron las formulaciones más acertadas con un porcentaje promedio de proteínas de 19 a 23%, además de presentar una alta puntuación en la evaluación sensorial. Estas combinaciones de harinas podrían ser utilizadas por la industria alimentaria para producir galletas de buena calidad nutricional, con características físicas y sensoriales aceptables para la población en general(AU)

Nowadays, cookies are in a real high demand, constituting a substantial sector of the food industry. Considering the importance of a good nutrition and the opportunity to incorporate legumes into baking products as a healthy alternative achieving a better protein balance, it was made a proposal to make cookies based on wheat flour, sorghum and beans. The objective of the current work was to elaborate and evaluate wheat flour cookies substituted to 10%, 30% and a 100% of sorghum and bean flour. Three formulations were prepared for the making of the cookies at 10%, 30% and a 100% of sorghum and bean flour and the control sample at a 100% of wheat. The proximal evaluation was made to each of the treatments, as well as the sensorial analysis for the evaluation of color attributes, odor, taste and texture through a hedonic scale of 7 points. The partial replacement of wheat by sorghum 10% - 30% and 10% of bean were the most successful formulations with a protein percentage average of 19 to 23% besides presenting a high score in sensory evaluation. These flour combinations could be used in the food industry for the making of cookies with a well nutritional quality, with physical and sensory qualities acceptable for the general population(AU)

La diabetes y la alimentación determinantes en la progresión de aterosclerosis / Diabetes and type of diet as determinant factor in the progression of atherosclerosis

Resumen El propósito de esta revisión es analizar la progresión bioquímica de la placa aterosclerótica y la relación que presenta con la diabetes y la alimentación. Se exponen las evidencias científicas de pacientes con diabetes, que a diferencia de pacientes no diabéticos presentan niveles más elevados de algunos ácidos grasos en la placa de ateroma (como el palmítico, linoleico y oleico), elevada incidencia de trombosis coronaria relacionada con el incremento en el tamaño de la base necrótica y la disminución del tamaño de la capa fibrosa de los ateromas. Entre ambos grupos de pacientes se expone la diferencia en el perfil de lípidos de la placa aterosclerótica, así como los cambios celulares involucrados en la formación de la misma y la influencia de la alimentación sobre su desarrollo.

Abstract The purpose of this review is to analyze the biochemical progression of atherosclerotic plaque and its association with diet and diabetes. This study shows the scientific evidence of demonstrating that diabetic patients present high levels of fatty acids like palmitic acid and linoleic acid in their atheroma plaques in comparison with non-diabetic patients. This study also establishes how patients with diabetes mellitus have a higher prevalence of atherosclerotic heart diseases in the form of Coronary Thrombosis and have different anatomopathological appearance like higher necrotic core and thin fibrotic layer than the general population. Furthermore this review describes the different anatomopathological appearance and cellular changes involved in the formation of these plaques and how diet can affect the development of these plaques.

[Nutritional status of Mexican school age children, living in the frontier with United States]. / Evaluación nutricional de escolares en una ciudad fronteriza entre Estados Unidos y México.

BACKGROUND: Undernutrition and obesity coexist among Mexican children due to poverty, sedentariness and inadequate food intake. AIM: To assess the nutritional status of school age children in a Mexican city located in the frontier with United States. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross sectional assessment of children from 28 basic schools in 2005, 2008 and 2013. Using a cluster sampling methodology, 5 children per course were selected in each school, reaching a final sample 840 children aged 7 to 12 years old. Body mass index z scores were calculated. RESULTS: The pre valence of overweight and obesity among these children was 49, 54 and 45% in the assessments performed in 2005, 2008 and 2013 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There is a trend towards a decrease in the frequency of obesity in these children from 2005 to 2013.

Evaluación nutricional de escolares en una ciudad fronteriza entre Estados Unidos y México / Nutritional status of Mexican school age children, living in the frontier with United States

Background: Undernutrition and obesity coexist among Mexican children due to poverty, sedentariness and inadequate food intake. Aim: To assess the nutritional status of school age children in a Mexican city located in the frontier with United States. Material and Methods: Cross sectional assessment of children from 28 basic schools in 2005, 2008 and 2013. Using a cluster sampling methodology, 5 children per course were selected in each school, reaching a final sample 840 children aged 7 to 12 years old. Body mass index z scores were calculated. Results: The pre valence of overweight and obesity among these children was 49, 54 and 45% in the assessments performed in 2005, 2008 and 2013 respectively. Conclusions: There is a trend towards a decrease in the frequency of obesity in these children from 2005 to 2013.

[Diabetes and type of diet as determinant factor in the progression of atherosclerosis]. / La diabetes y la alimentación determinantes en la progresión de aterosclerosis.

The purpose of this review is to analyze the biochemical progression of atherosclerotic plaque and its association with diet and diabetes. This study shows the scientific evidence of demonstrating that diabetic patients present high levels of fatty acids like palmitic acid and linoleic acid in their atheroma plaques in comparison with non-diabetic patients. This study also establishes how patients with diabetes mellitus have a higher prevalence of atherosclerotic heart diseases in the form of Coronary Thrombosis and have different anatomopathological appearance like higher necrotic core and thin fibrotic layer than the general population. Furthermore this review describes the different anatomopathological appearance and cellular changes involved in the formation of these plaques and how diet can affect the development of these plaques.